Riding with Native Americans to mark pact anniversary

Riding with Native Americans to mark pact anniversary

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Six weeks covering Native Americans at Standing Rock, North Dakota, protesting the Dakota Access oil pipeline presented a unique opportunity to get to know many of the people who took a stand there.

Lakota medicine man Ivan Lookinghorse from Cheyenne River Reservation south of Standing Rock Reservation was one of them.

. Harrison, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
Jake Frazier (centre wearing blue), circles up after a day of riding, along with other Fort Laramie treaty riders, in Harrison, Nebraska.

In 2018, Ivan invited me on a ride by the Lakota (Sioux) people to mark the 150th anniversary of the Fort Laramie peace treaty between the Sioux Nation and United States government.

Under the treaty, the federal government recognized the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory as part of the Great Sioux Reservation and hostilities ended between the Sioux and white settlers.

The ride of some 400 miles (640 km) would start in mid-April at Green Grass, South Dakota, home to the spiritual leader of all the Lakota, Arvol Lookinghorse, Ivan's brother. It would end in Fort Laramie, Wyoming, where the treaty was signed.

. Rockyford, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
Ivan Lookinghorse (centre) and other Fort Laramie treaty riders meet in the kitchen of the Rockyford School gymnasium on the Pine Ridge Reservation in Rockyford, South Dakota.

Getting to Cheyenne River Reservation and its main town, Eagle Butte, entailed flying to Rapid City, South Dakota, then driving three hours to Eagle Butte. Despite a snowstorm, Ivan was waiting to greet me.

The security team for the ride, some of whom had worked security at the protests, were with him. After Standing Rock, some of them moved down the Missouri River to the Lower Brule Reservation, where they “could live like their ancestors, except with Netflix,” Alton One Feather Sr. explained.

. Green Grass, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
Some of the Fort Laramie Treaty riders help Arvol Lookinghorse brand some of his horses in Arvol's corral on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass.

The next morning, Ivan, his friend Uma, the six-member security team and I drove the snow-packed roads to the tiny community of Green Grass.

Other organizers from the Standing Rock and Pine Ridge Reservations arrived. We climbed a hill and, hand in hand, formed a circle, turned to the four cardinal directions and shared a pipe while Ivan sang a Lakota song. Lakota ceremonies cannot be photographed or taped because they are sacred, so documenting various aspects of the ride could be difficult. Ivan said not to worry.

. Fort Laramie, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
One of Arvol Lookinghorse's horses, ridden by the Fort Laramie treaty riders, is put in a trailer for transport back to Green Grass.

Some people brought horses in trailers. They said Arvol had 100 horses, some wild, some broken. He offered several to relatives and others for the ride. I would not be simultaneously riding and photographing so a car was also needed.

Everyone reconvened at Arvol's place early the next day. The sun glinted off snow-covered hills as the cadre of riders grew.

After a prayer, a motivational speech and song, the riders headed up a hill and out of sight. There was great pride among them.

“The treaty is kind of all we have," said Wes Redday. "It’s what gives us what little we still have."

. Fort Laramie, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
Fort Laramie treaty riders return from crossing a creek in the tribal area on the grounds of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

The treaty is often fodder for conversations among the Lakota, many of whom say they are descended from one of the chiefs who signed it. Some even have a painting or photo of that chief.

“If you look deep, a lot of people are related to them. When our father was alive, when our grandfathers were alive, they kept it going, they talked about it in Lakota,” said Allen Flying By of the Standing Rock Reservation.

“It means the world to us because it maintains our sovereignty, it maintains our identity."

Horses, sacred to the Lakota, eat before people, so early each day they were fed and watered.

. Harrison, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
Fort Laramie treaty rider, Austin Warrior, 11, and his sister Delores Warrior, 19 months, both from Pine Ridge Reservation are covered with burning sage smoke in Harrison, Nebraska.

Dawn and dusk found riders and horses in a circle waiting to be “smudged.” A person would pass with sage, a sacred herb thought to cleanse, smoking in a coffee can lashed to a pole. Everyone pulled the smoke over themselves and the horses.

Afterwards a prayer, maybe a song. If it was morning, the riders would set out single file behind one rider carrying a sacred staff. At night, horses were corralled before dinner.

. Green Grass, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
Mahto In The Woods jumps over a small creek on foot while his cousin Jayden Lookinghorse jumps over on his horse on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.

We rode from Green Grass through the Cheyenne River Reservation to a Native American settlement called Bridger. People in each community brought food for the riders. In Bridger, we ate fry bread, chicken soup and buffalo stew. Later, we rolled out sleeping bags at the community center.

The first stop outside the reservation was Wall, South Dakota, where the riders stayed in cold and rain for three days at muddy rodeo grounds behind budget hotels and an Interstate highway. Despite the bleakness, spirits were high.

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Slideshow

Tatanka Itancan Lone Eagle, 15, from Bridger on the Cheyenne River Reservation, hugs his horse at the end of the day during the Fort Laramie treaty ride in Scenic, South Dakota.
. Scenic, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Tatanka Itancan Lone Eagle, 15, from Bridger on the Cheyenne River Reservation, hugs his horse at the end of the day during the Fort Laramie treaty ride in Scenic, South Dakota.

Lucille Contreras, one of the Fort Laramie treaty riders, from the Pine Ridge Reservation poses for a photo in the tribal area on the grounds of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.
. Fort Laramie, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Lucille Contreras, one of the Fort Laramie treaty riders, from the Pine Ridge Reservation poses for a photo in the tribal area on the grounds of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

The Fort Laramie Treaty riders take a break after arriving at the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.
. Fort Laramie, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

The Fort Laramie Treaty riders take a break after arriving at the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

Jayden Lookinghorse stands on top of a hill at Arvol Lookinghorse's home on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.
. Green Grass, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Jayden Lookinghorse stands on top of a hill at Arvol Lookinghorse's home on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.

Horses run through a river near Arvol Lookinghorse's home on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.
. Green Grass, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Horses run through a river near Arvol Lookinghorse's home on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.

Roderick Dupris (centre on white horse), 45, from Bridger on the Cheyenne River Reservation, rides with other Fort Laramie treaty riders along Van Tassel Road in Torrington.
. Torrington, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Roderick Dupris (centre on white horse), 45, from Bridger on the Cheyenne River Reservation, rides with other Fort Laramie treaty riders along Van Tassel Road in Torrington.

A horse is decorated with a hand print.
. Fort Laramie, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

A horse is decorated with a hand print.

Fronda White, 10, from the Standing Rock Reservation, one of the Fort Laramie treaty riders, laughs after failing to get up onto her horse in the tribal area on the grounds of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.
. Fort Laramie, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Fronda White, 10, from the Standing Rock Reservation, one of the Fort Laramie treaty riders, laughs after failing to get up onto her horse in the tribal area on the grounds of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

A small herd of buffalo graze near the Sage Creek campground in the Badlands National Park outside of Wall, South Dakota.
. Wall, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

A small herd of buffalo graze near the Sage Creek campground in the Badlands National Park outside of Wall, South Dakota.

Cody James Lookinghorse (left) and Maryann Lara play in front of the home of Beatrice Lookinghorse on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.
. Green Grass, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Cody James Lookinghorse (left) and Maryann Lara play in front of the home of Beatrice Lookinghorse on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.

Cody James Lookinghorse sits in his Aunt's trailer on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.
. Green Grass, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Cody James Lookinghorse sits in his Aunt's trailer on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.

One of Beatrice Lookinghorse's granddaughters, Jaylynn Weasel, rides a horse around her home on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.
. Green Grass, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

One of Beatrice Lookinghorse's granddaughters, Jaylynn Weasel, rides a horse around her home on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.

Stephanie Big-Eagle rides with other Fort Laramie treaty riders along Bombing Range Road on the Pine Ridge Reservation near Scenic, South Dakota.
. Scenic, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Stephanie Big-Eagle rides with other Fort Laramie treaty riders along Bombing Range Road on the Pine Ridge Reservation near Scenic, South Dakota.

People sit in front of a mural depicting a buffalo and a Native American man along the main road on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Eagle Butte, South Dakota.
. Eagle Butte, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

People sit in front of a mural depicting a buffalo and a Native American man along the main road on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Eagle Butte, South Dakota.

Colonel John Hudson confers with another member of the Army Corps of Engineers at a meeting between Lakota people and the Army Corps of Engineers at the community centre in the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.
. Green Grass, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Colonel John Hudson confers with another member of the Army Corps of Engineers at a meeting between Lakota people and the Army Corps of Engineers at the community centre in the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.

A truck is seen through a window at the Eagle Butte motel as it drives on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Eagle Butte.
. Eagle Butte, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

A truck is seen through a window at the Eagle Butte motel as it drives on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Eagle Butte.

Seth Eastman from the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe sleeps in the back of a truck in the tribal area on the grounds of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.
. Fort Laramie, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Seth Eastman from the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe sleeps in the back of a truck in the tribal area on the grounds of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

Phil Little Thunder from the Rosebud Reservation wears his ceremonial outfit in the tribal area on the grounds of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.
. Fort Laramie, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Phil Little Thunder from the Rosebud Reservation wears his ceremonial outfit in the tribal area on the grounds of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site in Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

The Fort Laramie treaty riders come off the trail and ride past a housing cluster on the Pine Ridge Reservation in Oglala, South Dakota.
. Oglala, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

The Fort Laramie treaty riders come off the trail and ride past a housing cluster on the Pine Ridge Reservation in Oglala, South Dakota.

Beatrice Lookinghorse sits with two of her grandchildren, Linda Lookinghorse (left) and Cody James Lookinghorse, in the backyard of her home on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.
. Green Grass, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Beatrice Lookinghorse sits with two of her grandchildren, Linda Lookinghorse (left) and Cody James Lookinghorse, in the backyard of her home on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.

Wyatt Grey is lit by the light of a campfire during an overnight stop for the Fort Laramie treaty ride in Harrison, Nebraska.
. Harrison, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith

Wyatt Grey is lit by the light of a campfire during an overnight stop for the Fort Laramie treaty ride in Harrison, Nebraska.

The Cheyenne River Reservation cook, a salty man named Kermit, pitched a tent and cranked out meals, helped by a few rider volunteers. Others did what they called “Hollywood-ing,” got a shared hotel room where they could shower.

As it moved through Indian Country, the ride picked up Lakota, Dakota, Nakota, Arapaho and Cheyenne, all related tribes, all signers of the treaty. Some boys from Bridger joined with just the clothes on their backs.

. Pine Ridge, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
Dave Swallow (centre), an elder and headsman of the Oglala Lakota Nation stands with Ivan Lookinghorse (right) on the Pine Ridge Reservation to discuss treaties and the treaty ride in Pine Ridge, South Dakota.

Next stop: Pine Ridge Reservation, where so much has happened. In the shade of a tree, Dave Swallow explained, "We may be poor in the white man’s way but we are not poor in the Lakota, Dakota and Nakota ways because we are connected to this earth and connected to above and everywhere."

For two nights in Pine Ridge, accommodations were a middle school gym and campsite beside a reservoir.

Moving on meant leaving “Lakota land” for Nebraska, where riders primarily rested on roadsides and relied on camp cooks for food.

. Crawford, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
Two people taking part in the Fort Laramie treaty ride put up a teepee for an overnight stop in Fort Robinson outside of Crawford, Nebraska.

Then one evening at a rest spot they found Santee Sioux from the Santee Reservation and Dakota from the Lake Traverse Reservation, known colloquially as Sisseton, waiting to join, and spirits soared. A ceremony honoured them and those who had ridden so far.

As the sun set, smoke rose from two kitchens, the flags of various groups were displayed and their leaders spoke. Later, children played with lassos.

With Fort Laramie two days away, people excitedly wondered which other Native groups would be there and who would represent the federal government. There were ceremonies and drumming, tepees were pitched, people visited around fires.

Reaching Fort Laramie was a triumph given the long, arduous ride and momentous occasion being celebrated. Riders circled ceremonial tepees and crossed a river to the site of the signing.

. Fort Laramie, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
Harold Frazier, (centre) Chairman of the Cheyenne River reservation wears his Lakota head dress and holds a staff just outside of Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

But Harold Frazier, chairman of the Cheyenne River Reservation who rode almost the entire way, still felt disappointed that while Wyoming Senator John Barrasso attended no other federal senior officials were there.

. Green Grass, United States. Reuters/Stephanie Keith
One of Beatrice Lookinghorse's grand daughters, Rozelynn Whitebull, plays near an abandoned house in the backyard of Beatrice Lookinghorse's trailer on the Cheyenne River Reservation in Green Grass, South Dakota.